Jack Gladney and the Deconstruction of Rambo;
the undermining of the eighties man in Don Delillo’s White Noise., 2006
Enter the 1980s, and the decade of macho bravado, money and mutually assured destruction. It is the era of Rambo, Ronald Regan and Ricky Roma . It is the decade where men rescue themselves from the sympathetic, emotional, weaklings the previous decades had made them. It is the time to divorce your wife, buy bonds and take control of your environment. Or is that all just a sham? It is into this world that Don Delillo introduces the character of Jack Gladney in the 1985’s White Noise. In addition to numerous interesting themes exploring the culture of the 1980s, Delillo undermines the eighties man with his title character Jack Gladney, and in the process redefines the man of the eighties. Looking at three particular situations within the novel, one can see Delillo’s attempt to redefine the middle aged man of the 1980s. He is uncertain in times of chaos such as the toxic cloud. He is uncomfortable when confronted with the need to protect his family with the use of a gun, and he is uncontrolled when that defence becomes necessary. Delillo is not, however, unsympathetic towards his protagonist and narrator, but is rather defining an alternative to the Rambo who takes action and thinks later. Don Delillo‘s combination of sympathy for Jack Gladney, as well as his humiliation of him produces an archetype for the man of the eighties full of complexity and contradiction running against the stereotype produced on an image and a lie.
A truck carrying chemicals has overturned and there is a black cloud looming over the city, and in a situation where heroes puff their chests, flex their biceps and run straight into danger, Jack Gladney proves to be everything the eighties man is not. Jack is unable to realize the weight of the situation reasoning that “these things happen to poor people who live in exposed areas. Society is set up in such a way that it’s the poor and the uneducated who suffer the main impact of natural and man-made disasters” (Delillo, 114). Aside from the obvious, first world ignorance apparent in the statement, Jack‘s reasoning brings out the core of his character. He is an intellect, and problems that arise are to be looked at intellectually and logically. Jack is not a man of action, but rather a man who uses quite ridiculous reasoning in trying to reassure those around him of the nonthreatening nature of the situation. Thus Jack’s action throughout the toxic cloud incident involves Jack following the orders of his son Heinrich, as well as the radio, while making few decisions of his own. Far from being the hero in the situation Jack reverts to an actor following a script. Ironically, however, it is Jack’s one action, which although simple in its objective, causes Jack to sacrifice his life for his family. With the car running out of fuel, Jack stops at a gas station to fill up, exiting the car, and exposing himself to the toxic gas (127). Although only out of the car for two and half minutes, it becomes clear later in the book that Jack will die from this exposure. Thus, without realizing it, Jack becomes a martyr and hero in this one simple action. The result of this heroic action, however, is something that the family is never able to comprehend, and thus Jack remains, in the eyes of those around him, nothing more than a man driving the car who needs to fill up with gas.
In the void of Jack’s patriarchal heroism, Delillo provides alternatives who become the source of knowledge and inspiration during the toxic cloud ordeal. Heinrich becomes, in the toxic cloud situation, the character relied on for knowledge and action. He listens to the radio, watches the cloud and relates the brevity of the problem to his father. Heinrich realizes the danger eminent relating to his father that the cloud has been labeled “the airborne toxic event.” Heinrich watches Jack carefully, searching his (Jack’s) face for some reassurance against the possibility of danger - a reassurance he would immediately reject as phony (116-117). Heinrich does not respond to Jack’s assurance that being the “head of a department” is reason to believe that they will be safe, and continues to function as his own authority on the matter. Also, it is Heinrich who initiates the evacuation of the family, by running to the front door and relating the news to the family (118-119). In setting Heinrich up as the source, or at least interpreter, of the situation Delillo is taking the authority out of the patriarch of the family in an intense time of crisis. Heinrich asserts his ability to deal with the situation as better than his father’s. Jack, thus, reverts to being an observer and follower as the events unfold. Jack validates his loss of authority while in the car, and Babette suggests to Denise to ask Jack the answer of whether the gas will affect dogs. Jack replies simply, “Ask Heinrich” (124).
In stripping Jack of his patriarchal authority and supplanting it with Heinrich, Delillo undermines the eighties man in a significant way. Jack is content to let the other members of his family develop their own experience out of the matter. Jack does not hurry them under his arm into the car, and explain the situation to them, as he has been proven false in his explanation already. He is content to let his and Babette’s children develop their own authority, as they debate supposed affects on different animals for instance (124). The fact that Jack admits his limitations could be seen as a weak man’s actions in the face of catastrophe, but this suggestion is entirely based on assumptions of what the man’s “job” is in a time of crises. Delillo does not want to set up an eighties man Ronald Regan would be proud of who runs recklessly into danger, but rather to undermine this image with the reality of what that type of careless action produces. Thus, when Jack is forced to make a decision and get fuel, his unnoticed heroism becomes more effective by being unnoticed. The combination of his being exposed by Heinrich as a “phony” and Jack’s exposure to the toxic cloud complete his character as an somewhat clumsy product of his time falling backwards into the eighties hero archetype who risks his life for his family, while not being rewarded for it in any material sense.
If there is an image of Rambo to remember, it is the scene in every movie where there is a series of shots of him strapping various firearms, knives and grenades to as many parts of his body as possible inspiring pride and bravado for all watching. Contrast that image, and countless other eighties action scenes, with the scene of Jack’s father in law giving him a firearm, and one sees Jack again failing to live up to the archetype of the eighties hero. Vernon Dickey offers Jack a firearm to defend himself and his family. Jack, perplexed at the need to own a firearm, tries to convince Vernon that a firearm isn’t needed in the Iron City. Vernon persists and Jack is left with the German gun (253). Jack, in the face of a firearm, is completely out of his element. Jack fears the gun, and questions whether Vernon is “Death’s dark messenger.” Jack is so afraid of the gun that he refuses to give it a name, asking Vernon “why do I need this thing?” The gun is a “thing” to be thrown in with the rest of the things that Jack has accumulated throughout his life. Jack’s character is defined within this exchange as one who has no concept of protecting his family or of understanding his need of a gun as an American. Vernon does not respect Jack’s protestations because Vernon is of a different generation that realizes the need for a gun to be close at all times. Vernon is war savvy and secure, while Jack is confused and passive.
In placing Vernon and Jack in the car in the garage together, Delillo produces a vivid picture of Jack as an eighties man not able to live up to his rightful place in society beside Vernon who knows his role. Jack is typical of a postwar male trying to come to terms with his own masculinity. Vernon lived in the war days and thus has no problem with handling a firearm, while asserting himself as a male able to protect those who ask. Jack’s logic is unable to come to terms with the reality of weapons and protection and thus cannot be considered competent in the world. Jack admits this much while looking at the gun, reflecting: “it occurred to me that this was the ultimate device for determining one’s competence in the world. What does it mean to be a person, beyond his sense of competence and well-being and personal worth, to carry a lethal weapon, to handle it well, be ready and willing to use it?” (254). Jack, when faced with the reality of his own incompetence in the world, cannot accept the responsibility saying to Vernon: “I don‘t want it, Vern. Take it back.” Vernon, knowing the reality of what it means to be a man, finishes the conversation saying: “Be smart for once in your life, it’s not what you want that matters” (254). Vernon understands that the eighties man is a self-centred person only accepting what he wants, and rejecting advice of those older and perhaps wiser. Jack tries again to assert himself as a proud and confident eighties man, but is once again belittled by a family member. As with Heinrich, Vernon sees through the phony exterior Jack displays, and disregards his objections. Now Jack is left with a gun that he may just have to use to redeem the crumbling monument of his patriarchy. Delillo displays Jack at his patriarchal weakest in this exchange, as he comes across as a child with no concept of the realities involved with being a man. A man must be able to protect his family, and although the eighties man is a myth in many ways, Delillo shows that there are some aspects of this myth that Jack must come to terms with.
To regain his place among the heroes of the eighties, Jack Gladney must assert himself when the ultimate threat to his masculinity is met. Jack, now armed with a gun, finds himself in a situation where the indiscretion of his wife must be dealt with in a way that will reclaim his power and title as defender of the weak. Babette admits, in chapter 26, of having an affair of sorts with a man referred to as Mr. Gray. The interaction between the two took place as part of an experiment intent on curing depression by the use of a drug called Dylar, as well as mechanical sex in a motel room furnished with a TV up near the ceiling (193-4). Jack, throughout the description of Babette’s encounter with Mr. Gray, remains deceptively calm. Although he can feel heat rising along the back of his neck, and shows sadness in his eyes, Jack reacts by looking blankly at the ceiling, and changes the subject to the broken radio (195). Jack does not assert himself in this situation, and although he is obsessed with Babette’s indiscretion he avoids confronting the situation as a man should. Jack’s attitude is one of passive aggression where he resorts to asking to try the pills, and meet Mr. Gray, but assures Babette that he won’t harm him. Why would he? Flying in stark contrast to the image of a male whose honour has been damaged, Jack does not seek out the perpetrator in an open fashion, or confront his wife, but resorts to behind the back tactics and internal pain. Jack does not allow the pain to seep outside of his own mind. Though the dialogue is lacking in emotion from either Babette or Jack throughout the whole confession scene, emotion is hinted at through Jack’s internal struggle. Jack cannot come to submit to his own emotions like those eighties heroes mentioned who only exist within their emotions. Those heroes are men of action. They do while others watch and cheer. Those men are not Jack.
Jack, after much pain and inner turmoil, decides to confront Mr. Gray, use his gun, and embody the male who defends the honour of his wife. A look at Jack‘s plan of confrontation tells everything about his masculinity in the eighties context:
Drive past the scene several times, park some distance from the scene, go back on foot, locate Mr. Gray under his real name or an alias, shoot him three times in the viscera for maximum pain, clear the weapon of prints, place the weapon in the victim’s hand, find a crayon or lipstick tube and scrawl a cryptic suicide note on the full-length mirror, take the victim’s supply of Dylar tablets, slip back to the car, proceed to the expressway entrance, head east toward Blacksmith... (304)
Jack’s plan, which he repeats over and over throughout the interaction with Mr. Gray (whose name turns out to be Willie Mink), shows his character for what it clearly is. Jack keeps repeating the plan, while engaged in the actions described by it, suggesting the idea that he is simply playing out a role of some kind. What role that is, or where he learned it from is never specified, but it seems apparent that it is something from TV. Jack is simply following a script throughout, and not a very convincing script at that. Jack does not plan to shoot Willie Mink in the heart and look at him while he dies, but rather plans to shoot him in a place where it will cause the most pain showing Jack’s sadistic, perhaps even childish, nature. Also is the fact that Jack sees the need to write a suicide note, and thus deflect his blame or part in the killing. Jack is not “man enough” to live up to his actions even if they are justified. Put aside the question of why someone would shoot themselves three times in the most painful place while committing suicide, the idea that Jack cannot take responsibility for killing even if it is in defending the honour of his wife suggests a realization that he is not the eighties man of action. Finally, Jack does not mention, in his plan, confronting Mr. Gray/ Willie Mink in regards to his wife, but does plan to steal his remaining Dylar. In tow with Jack’s obsessive fear of death, Jack’s confrontation with Mr. Gray is as much about getting the experimental drug, which never clearly is proven by anyone in the book to curb the fear of death, as it is with enacting revenge for Gray’s quasi-rape of Babette.
However, if the masculine character of Jack is to be put into its place far away from the macho or the hero, one need only look at the events when Jack does indeed confront Willie Mink for proof. Jack’s language is far from direct with Willie, conducted with a sort of dodgy double talk that never directly brings up Babette. Jack seems the entire time there only for the Dylar. Then, when Jack finally does fire the weapon he hits Willie in the hip far from killing him. When Jack places the gun in Willies alive hand, Willie proceeds to shoot Jack in the wrist (305-12). This situation produces the climax in Delillo’s attempt to undermine the masculine identity of the eighties. Throughout the story Jack’s inability to act as men should has been apparent, but is this action where it is most obvious. One can hardly see Jack’s ex-wives with their security training, fumbling through this situation as Jack does. The ridiculousness of the plan results in an almost comic ending, and far from solves any of the problems within Jack. The “higher plane of energy in which he’s [Jack] had carried out his scheme” is shattered leaving Jack troubled and confused (313). This incident, however, ironically pulls Jack to a higher plane where he’s able to feel compassion for Mink, “seeing him for the first time as a person,” and consequently saves his life by taking Mink to a hospital after going so far as to attempt mouth-to-mouth (313-4). This is the hero that Delillo offers in exchange for the take action “Right Stuff” Rambo of the mid-eighties. The hero who, as with the exposure to the toxic cloud, quietly and calmly saves the life of others with great risk to himself. Jack is not portrayed full of any kind of macho pride, but rather as a man able to act rationally within his own insecurity. An insecurity so intense that when Willie Mink asks who shot him, Jack says that he shot himself, passing himself off as a passerby good enough to save his life (314-15).
The complete picture of the lead up to the incident at the motel, and the implementation of the plan, show Delillo’s picture of the eighties man in his contradictory glory. Jack tries to maintain his manhood by avenging the honour of his wife, but without actually mentioning his wife or confronting Mr. Gray in regards to the indiscretion. In fact, Delillo eliminates the mention of his wife in Jack’s actual plans. Thus the use of the first person narrative becomes extremely important in within Delillo’s development of Jack in this climatic moment. Jack’s monologue provides the reader with only what he is conscious of. The subconscious is eliminated, and thus Jack’s fear of death is implied in the necessity of his getting the Dylar before leaving. The discussion between Murray and Jack goes unmentioned during this altercation, but it is clear the Delillo means for the two to be connected. The conversation in question being found in chapter 34 when Murray suggests,
“In theory, violence is a form of rebirth. The dier passively succumbs. The killer lives on. What a marvelous equation. As a marauding band amasses dead bodies, it gathers strength. Strength accumulates like a favor from the gods.” (290)
Murray’s statement truly reflects the culture described thus far. The killer gathers strength through taking the life of the other. In a perfect description to an intellectual, Murray describes to Jack the intellectual equation that results in the Rambo character of the eighties. Jack sees Murray’s description as a unique way to control death, or perhaps just Jack’s fear of death. However, Jack being the insecure man that he is, needs reassurance when confronting Willie Mink and must take the Dylar as well. In the end, Delillo shows Jack as embracing his humanity by helping the dying Willie Mink, and thus in stripping his male bravado Jack Gladney, although he cannot see it, becomes a hero.
Jack Gladney in Don Delillo’s White Noise provides a telling character intent on undermining the macho man of the eighties, while at the same time defining a different male inhabiting a truer world where heroes do not know their actions to be such, and find themselves insecure not even realizing their heroic nature. Even the name Jack Gladney tells much of his character. Jack is a name that inspires action and adventure, whereas Gladney inspires tea parties and pleasant books. Delillo shows Jack as being a mixture of both. Jack combines the heroic and adventurous with the insecure and foolish. His adventures result in his looking none of the heroic adventurer on the exterior, but his heroism can be noted upon further investigation of the interior. In the popular culture that Jack inhabits he seems to be at odds with the persona he is supposed to portray. This is most clearly described when describing his academic name change to J. A. K. Gladney, which to Babette intimated dignity, significance and prestige. Jack reflects on the name change in a different way reflecting, “I am the false character that follows the name around,” (17). Thus Delillo’s novel, while working on numerous themes and tones, works at undermining the false character that has become the eighties man by undermining his actions, while expanding his insecurities and fears. Delillo follows other authors of the age such as Tom Wolf in his Bonfire of the Vanities, or David Mamet in the aforementioned Glengarry GlenRoss in creating an alternate eighties man who is more human and confused. The eighties man is afraid of death and marriage, and is confused on so many matters that he winds up looking a foolish shell of what he should be. And so while Rambo straps his artillery on to fight the trials of his life head on like a true soldier, Jack Gladney fumbles through his world trying to make sense of the image that is given to him. An image that is built on false bravado and the confused logic of heroes that ignore the subtleties of life and the reality of complex situations.